When fluid therapy is not successful in reversing a shock state, adrenergic agents are used, most commonly dopamine or norepinephrine. These agents differ in their modes of action, as they affect ...

Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which subsequently induces the systemic release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids ...

Alpha receptor agonists are substances that activate the sympathetic nervous system by stimulation of alpha receptors, similar to the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Alpha receptors are ...