The iron and aluminium oxides collect in the 'B' horizon where the iron oxides can accumulate to form a thin layer of hardpan, which impedes drainage through the soil. Illuviation is the process ...

If you see a film on top and it's hard to pick up the product with your brush, you're dealing with hardpan. This happens when ...

hardpan, and irrigation, and respond accordingly. For instance, if you discover white clovers, it implies your soil may be ...