Chloroplasts also have a third internal membrane called the thylakoid membrane, which is extensively folded and appears as stacks of flattened disks in electron micrographs. The thylakoids contain ...

In chloroplasts, cpSRP use two mechanisms to target both chloroplast- and nuclear-encoded proteins to the thylakoid membranes that house the photosynthetic machinery (Fig. 1). The first SRP ...

The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is the site for the initial steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy into chemical energy, ultimately powering almost all life on earth. The heterogeneous ...

Spirulina-derived EVs (SPEVs) also trigger pro-inflammatory responses to innate immune cells without inducing toxicity in ...

Cyanobacteria were among the first organisms to transition to oxygenic photosynthesis, using specialized cell structures called thylakoid membranes. These dense, lamellar membranes of fats and ...

Vipp1 is particularly important, as it is involved in the formation and maintenance of thylakoid membranes—membranes in the chloroplasts of plant cells where the light reaction of photosynthesis ...