Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics, with media changes every 2-3 days. The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver ...

while microglia displayed increases in inflammatory markers like Ildr2 and Ccl4. Glial cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, displayed reduced expression of support-related genes.

They also had lower levels of four key cytokines (CXCL10, IL-1RA, IFN-gamma, and CCL4), biomarkers indicating a more robust immune response including T cell-mediated immunity. “The early innate ...